Here are my thoughts on cross-reference transistor.
All electronic repairers should read the book equivalent transistor cross reference, if they want to succeed in electronic repairs. The leaf is very important for all engineers and technicians because it can help them find the nearest replacement for the components they looked like the transistor, thyristor, MOSFET, IC, diodes and other components.
The famous transistor cross reference book is Captain Philip ECG semiconductor replacement guide. Content you can find all kinds of specifications for electronic components and IC for schematic. It is a "must have" guide for the manufacture of semiconductors for those who like electronic troubleshooting. The structure or the internal structure of the IC is clearly defined and the parameters of the transistor have been quoted in this book. The price for this handbook is not expensive and an electronic workshop, you need to buy one. Imagine, without this book you will face difficulty in the right component for the substitution.
This book has many types of transistors and data specifications of the bipolar transistor, silicon controlled rectifiers, FET field-effect transistor (MOSFET), junction field-effect transistor (JFET) transistors listed signal, high voltage transistor, so that the horizontal output transistor (HOT), the power transistor silicon, surface-mount transistor-transistor digital and many other species. Even if you have a part number for the replacement of normal transistor Guide data, ECG, Philips is finding replacement force informative. The book only normal transistor replacement supply voltage (V) Current (AMP) and wattage (W) Review of HOT, but the Master Guide ECG represents exposure beyond such as frequency, gain power (EEM) and the outlook . Other hot normal transistor data book gives an excellent and very detailed comparison part number for your reference.
There's a secret that I want to discuss with you the equivalent of the cross-reference shall transistor. If you are interested in the part number of replacement for a transistor signal, a higher voltage, amps, and power is adequate, but not so if you find a part number replacement for the horizontal output transistor (hot). A higher voltage, amps and the power will not work forever, because there are only a few parameters that you need to consider are. You may wonder why the blow transistor, even if a higher voltage, more power and higher performance compared to the original.
The other parameters that you need to see the switching time is that we as a storage and fall time. Several hot different specifications, if you really want to find a replacement for HOT, be sure to use the storage and time parameters are in addition to higher voltages, current and power. Internet searches for the specification of components is just simply the part number tracking component datasheet, data sheet, specification, specifications, data, equivalent, part number, identification, labeling, tack, types, codes and references. In general, the manufacturer's website appears and follows the vendor other electronic page. Click on the websites that you deem to be relevant to the search and hope that you get what you want.
What is the secret above have, in fact, I spent much monitoring of storage and tested in the autumn slightly from the original setting. After replacing the monitor works fine, but only for a short time before it gets really hot. If I can continue to run the monitor, I think the HOT blows! As I am) the place of the heat with a number of other similar share of the specifications, (which is essentially the same as the original, particularly the storage and fall time, the monitor is working perfectly. My golden rule is always the exact number of first before any other number you've found the book cross-reference transistor.
Monday, September 28, 2009
Friday, September 25, 2009
Solid State Hard Drives
Here are my thoughts on solid state hard drives.
In our world of information in their care, we are always looking for the next thing "big". It is often a new chip from Intel or AMD. However, in recent years, the microprocessor is not usually the limiting factor in computer performance.
Although the capacity of hard disk storage has increased significantly in recent years has remained relatively constant speed access. It is a question / problem is fundamental to technology. The hard drive is mechanical, and efforts to improve the speed have been diminishing returns.
A technology that competes with traditional hard disk drive (HDD) is the solid state drive (SSD). A SSD is not mechanically, based on the "flash memory", the same chip technology used to store pictures with your digital camera. A new SSD drive is only 3 years but not more.
An SSD can overcome conventional mechanical hard drives, because the 4X smaller and lighter, it is up to 50 times faster and is more reliable because there are no moving parts, produces less heat and consumes less energy. Disk capacity has improved SSD memory and 250 GB SSDs are now available. Currently, the disadvantage is the price.
SSDs are more expensive than conventional hard disk. An SSD drive now costs about $ 2 per gigabyte, while hard drive costs less than $ 1 per gigabyte. The price of one continues to improve SSD (SSD drives, once sold for more than $ 25 per gigabyte), and the anticipated volume of production, the price difference should be further reduced.
Flash memory is capable of a finite number of rewrites each memory cell (as conventional hard disks). Significant improvements in technology have emerged in recent years. In addition, Intel developed the "load leveling". This technique ensures that all memory cells in the SSD to receive a similar workload. Most SSD manufacturers are now using similar techniques. An SSD should last 10 years or more for the average user.
The main reason for the promising future of SSD is the access speed. A conventional hard drive has a fast access time equal to approximately 5 milliseconds. It sounds fast, but when the microprocessor is capable of millions of instructions per second (MIPS), 5 milliseconds is a bottleneck. SSD may have as few as 100 microsecond access time (50 times faster).
An important question when trying to use this capacity SSD speed is the potential bottleneck caused by the interface. There are 3 common interfaces used today with SSD.
The SATA interface is currently the most common interface used in conventional hard disk, but a SATA interface is limited in the total return, send and receive about 3 Gbps. This may be slow to SSD, which failures in performance. Some units are suitable for SSD performance of more than 5 Gbps.
Seagate Technology, in collaboration with AMD, has recently announced the Serial ATA storage interface for 6-Gbps SATA also called version 3.0, a next-generation technology capable of twice the speed of the faster SATA interface available today. This technology was demonstrated by conventional hard drives, but has an obvious application for the SSD market.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is an alternative interface. SAS is a point in the technology by at least four channels. Each channel is capable of the performance of 3 Gb / s each way (total of 6 Gb / s per channel).
A third alternative is to use the SSD with PCI Express interface. A PCI Express interface with unidirectional data paths, and you receive is sent, each at 2.5 Gbps to 5 Gbps performance.
You can maximize the performance benefits of SSD technology with a careful selection of the appropriate interface.
In our world of information in their care, we are always looking for the next thing "big". It is often a new chip from Intel or AMD. However, in recent years, the microprocessor is not usually the limiting factor in computer performance.
Although the capacity of hard disk storage has increased significantly in recent years has remained relatively constant speed access. It is a question / problem is fundamental to technology. The hard drive is mechanical, and efforts to improve the speed have been diminishing returns.
A technology that competes with traditional hard disk drive (HDD) is the solid state drive (SSD). A SSD is not mechanically, based on the "flash memory", the same chip technology used to store pictures with your digital camera. A new SSD drive is only 3 years but not more.
An SSD can overcome conventional mechanical hard drives, because the 4X smaller and lighter, it is up to 50 times faster and is more reliable because there are no moving parts, produces less heat and consumes less energy. Disk capacity has improved SSD memory and 250 GB SSDs are now available. Currently, the disadvantage is the price.
SSDs are more expensive than conventional hard disk. An SSD drive now costs about $ 2 per gigabyte, while hard drive costs less than $ 1 per gigabyte. The price of one continues to improve SSD (SSD drives, once sold for more than $ 25 per gigabyte), and the anticipated volume of production, the price difference should be further reduced.
Flash memory is capable of a finite number of rewrites each memory cell (as conventional hard disks). Significant improvements in technology have emerged in recent years. In addition, Intel developed the "load leveling". This technique ensures that all memory cells in the SSD to receive a similar workload. Most SSD manufacturers are now using similar techniques. An SSD should last 10 years or more for the average user.
The main reason for the promising future of SSD is the access speed. A conventional hard drive has a fast access time equal to approximately 5 milliseconds. It sounds fast, but when the microprocessor is capable of millions of instructions per second (MIPS), 5 milliseconds is a bottleneck. SSD may have as few as 100 microsecond access time (50 times faster).
An important question when trying to use this capacity SSD speed is the potential bottleneck caused by the interface. There are 3 common interfaces used today with SSD.
The SATA interface is currently the most common interface used in conventional hard disk, but a SATA interface is limited in the total return, send and receive about 3 Gbps. This may be slow to SSD, which failures in performance. Some units are suitable for SSD performance of more than 5 Gbps.
Seagate Technology, in collaboration with AMD, has recently announced the Serial ATA storage interface for 6-Gbps SATA also called version 3.0, a next-generation technology capable of twice the speed of the faster SATA interface available today. This technology was demonstrated by conventional hard drives, but has an obvious application for the SSD market.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is an alternative interface. SAS is a point in the technology by at least four channels. Each channel is capable of the performance of 3 Gb / s each way (total of 6 Gb / s per channel).
A third alternative is to use the SSD with PCI Express interface. A PCI Express interface with unidirectional data paths, and you receive is sent, each at 2.5 Gbps to 5 Gbps performance.
You can maximize the performance benefits of SSD technology with a careful selection of the appropriate interface.
Thursday, September 24, 2009
The Advantages of Intel
Here are my thoughts about the advantages of Intel.
Intel China Research Center is working on a model-based computing to optimize the use of its multi-core microprocessor technology. Tip, Microsoft is currently more in the virtualization software. It seems that virtualization is more related to server technology. The virtualization strategy with utility computing using virtual machines, and the third most important, the scalability of multi-core chip, and energy efficiency to achieve high workload consolidation in data centers.
Tera-scale computers based on 10 to 100s of integrated processor cores to 3 workload in the computer-based model or pattern recognition of objects in one database (source database mining identical or similar objects with patterns that match the target object find), and synthesis of information (data mine different models and objects together in a way that the user can digest, the user can obtain practical solutions), quoted by De vived and member of Intel.
Short side comparison, nuclear offers both Intel and AMD quad-core. You can see that the strategy of AMD is the weakness of the competitors as their power increases. AMD maintains that his superior, 2MB L3 cache, touted as better than any of its competitors, while competition with Intel in their previous performance. Intel is to stay away from the head to "play chicken" with AMD head by producing new products much faster than its closest competitors, although it lacks some innovative shots as a new L3 cache.
However, Intel more than offset by the improvement of microprocessors in other ways, such as the SSE4 instructions and more efficient materials such as silicon technology hafnium metal door. Intel Speed of having new products in the consumer market is the main reason is the market leader in microprocessors today. People generally want a new product that can be used now instead of waiting for a product a little better after a few months. AMD chance the new leader will come from its ability to do the same as Intel, not just talk the talk but walking the walk.
Dunnington 6-core Intel processors are the next in line to be launched in the consumer market. Users Dunnington microprocessor will own a piece of the level of computer technology Peta flop. The flop Peta computer technology, a computer calculates one trillion floating point per second, it exists in the Intel lab demonstration of a powerful computer that uses microprocessors PETA flop Dunnington.
It seems that in terms of marketing, is Intel's research and development arm to show the consumer the full capacity of the microprocessors. It is unlikely that an individual home user or purchased as 60 more pieces of microprocessors on a computer Dunnigton PETA flop building. However, the attraction that exists, and people go like "You know, I own an Intel 6-core microprocessor which the capabilities of the computer is peta flop!" Granted, it is a very attractive prospect!
Intel China Research Center is working on a model-based computing to optimize the use of its multi-core microprocessor technology. Tip, Microsoft is currently more in the virtualization software. It seems that virtualization is more related to server technology. The virtualization strategy with utility computing using virtual machines, and the third most important, the scalability of multi-core chip, and energy efficiency to achieve high workload consolidation in data centers.
Tera-scale computers based on 10 to 100s of integrated processor cores to 3 workload in the computer-based model or pattern recognition of objects in one database (source database mining identical or similar objects with patterns that match the target object find), and synthesis of information (data mine different models and objects together in a way that the user can digest, the user can obtain practical solutions), quoted by De vived and member of Intel.
Short side comparison, nuclear offers both Intel and AMD quad-core. You can see that the strategy of AMD is the weakness of the competitors as their power increases. AMD maintains that his superior, 2MB L3 cache, touted as better than any of its competitors, while competition with Intel in their previous performance. Intel is to stay away from the head to "play chicken" with AMD head by producing new products much faster than its closest competitors, although it lacks some innovative shots as a new L3 cache.
However, Intel more than offset by the improvement of microprocessors in other ways, such as the SSE4 instructions and more efficient materials such as silicon technology hafnium metal door. Intel Speed of having new products in the consumer market is the main reason is the market leader in microprocessors today. People generally want a new product that can be used now instead of waiting for a product a little better after a few months. AMD chance the new leader will come from its ability to do the same as Intel, not just talk the talk but walking the walk.
Dunnington 6-core Intel processors are the next in line to be launched in the consumer market. Users Dunnington microprocessor will own a piece of the level of computer technology Peta flop. The flop Peta computer technology, a computer calculates one trillion floating point per second, it exists in the Intel lab demonstration of a powerful computer that uses microprocessors PETA flop Dunnington.
It seems that in terms of marketing, is Intel's research and development arm to show the consumer the full capacity of the microprocessors. It is unlikely that an individual home user or purchased as 60 more pieces of microprocessors on a computer Dunnigton PETA flop building. However, the attraction that exists, and people go like "You know, I own an Intel 6-core microprocessor which the capabilities of the computer is peta flop!" Granted, it is a very attractive prospect!
Wednesday, September 23, 2009
Battery Hazards
Here are my thoughts about battery hazards.
As batteries are energy storage devices, they are prone to make many threats to human life and safety. A short circuit is one of the common battery perils. The most important reason for short circuits is overcharging or over discharging. Other causes for cell short circuits include faulty separators, aggregation of lead particles or other metals between both the plates, buckling of the plates and excessive sediments in the bottom of the jar.
Another battery hazard is the generation of gasses. "Battery gassing" is a normal product of charging. Passage of electricity through water dissociates the water into hydrogen and oxygen. These are the gases that emanate from an open cell battery. When hydrogen reaches an intensity of 4% in air, it can be explosive. Therefore, it is essential that the area is well ventilated and there is no chance of open flame.
High-power lithium cells should be maintained with extreme care because a short circuit can lead to internal overheating thereby making an explosion or battery rupture. These lithium cells are more sensitive to physical stress than alkaline batteries and are commonly found in today's cellular phones. Electrical burns, strains, and sprains are some of the common hazards that arise when servicing, charging, or jumping the common lead-acid battery. Lead-acid batteries can also cause danger when the acid spills out. For these types of batteries, the occurrence of short circuit while replacing can be minimized by disconnecting the earth lead first and replacing them last. One way to reduce battery hazards in a vehicle is to switch off all the vehicle electrical equipment before the charger leads are removed from the vehicle.
As batteries are energy storage devices, they are prone to make many threats to human life and safety. A short circuit is one of the common battery perils. The most important reason for short circuits is overcharging or over discharging. Other causes for cell short circuits include faulty separators, aggregation of lead particles or other metals between both the plates, buckling of the plates and excessive sediments in the bottom of the jar.
Another battery hazard is the generation of gasses. "Battery gassing" is a normal product of charging. Passage of electricity through water dissociates the water into hydrogen and oxygen. These are the gases that emanate from an open cell battery. When hydrogen reaches an intensity of 4% in air, it can be explosive. Therefore, it is essential that the area is well ventilated and there is no chance of open flame.
High-power lithium cells should be maintained with extreme care because a short circuit can lead to internal overheating thereby making an explosion or battery rupture. These lithium cells are more sensitive to physical stress than alkaline batteries and are commonly found in today's cellular phones. Electrical burns, strains, and sprains are some of the common hazards that arise when servicing, charging, or jumping the common lead-acid battery. Lead-acid batteries can also cause danger when the acid spills out. For these types of batteries, the occurrence of short circuit while replacing can be minimized by disconnecting the earth lead first and replacing them last. One way to reduce battery hazards in a vehicle is to switch off all the vehicle electrical equipment before the charger leads are removed from the vehicle.
Monday, September 21, 2009
Circuit Breaker Trips
Here are my thoughts about circuit breaker trips.
Switches for a journey of two reasons, a short circuit or a circuit overload. The short circuit is easier to explain and repair the most difficult to identify and declare an overloaded circuit is relatively easy to solve and easier to use.
A switch is designed to adjust the amount of current a wire to make sure. Therefore, most 110-volt lines in your home with 12 Gage wires are wired, and placed on a 20 amp circuit breaker. Maybe your house on May 14 Gage wire be wired and a 15 amp circuit breaker. You could blow a 15 amp circuit breaker at 12, a pro-Gage, but you can never be a place 20 A switch to 14 Gage wire.
You see, wire has a rated current capacity that can carry and 12/20, and 14.15 is the maximum for each circuit. This is what is violated when a trip to Circuit Breaker.
Ina short-circuit the hot wire is broken or may be just enough to take the insulation to make contact with the ground. When this happens causing a direct short, the current increase, the switch and when the current exceeds the rating on the switch for travel switch. If you try to set the option will immediately drive away. Remedying this situation requires a person with knowledge of electrical or hire an electrician. Electricity is dangerous, so do not play. It takes less than one amp to kill someone.
The other reason a circuit breaker trips, the road to reduce congestion. As I indicated, a circuit is a circuit breaker to protect the wire is served. If it is 12/20 then 20 amps is the maximum for the track. So, you plug in a hair dye that rated at 1500 watts and you decide to have more heating the 1500-watt curling iron. Now there is a simple calculation watts divided by voltage amplifiers. So 3000/120 = 25amps. The route is congested and travel. Connect one item at a time or to a different circuit for the curling iron!
Switches for a journey of two reasons, a short circuit or a circuit overload. The short circuit is easier to explain and repair the most difficult to identify and declare an overloaded circuit is relatively easy to solve and easier to use.
A switch is designed to adjust the amount of current a wire to make sure. Therefore, most 110-volt lines in your home with 12 Gage wires are wired, and placed on a 20 amp circuit breaker. Maybe your house on May 14 Gage wire be wired and a 15 amp circuit breaker. You could blow a 15 amp circuit breaker at 12, a pro-Gage, but you can never be a place 20 A switch to 14 Gage wire.
You see, wire has a rated current capacity that can carry and 12/20, and 14.15 is the maximum for each circuit. This is what is violated when a trip to Circuit Breaker.
Ina short-circuit the hot wire is broken or may be just enough to take the insulation to make contact with the ground. When this happens causing a direct short, the current increase, the switch and when the current exceeds the rating on the switch for travel switch. If you try to set the option will immediately drive away. Remedying this situation requires a person with knowledge of electrical or hire an electrician. Electricity is dangerous, so do not play. It takes less than one amp to kill someone.
The other reason a circuit breaker trips, the road to reduce congestion. As I indicated, a circuit is a circuit breaker to protect the wire is served. If it is 12/20 then 20 amps is the maximum for the track. So, you plug in a hair dye that rated at 1500 watts and you decide to have more heating the 1500-watt curling iron. Now there is a simple calculation watts divided by voltage amplifiers. So 3000/120 = 25amps. The route is congested and travel. Connect one item at a time or to a different circuit for the curling iron!
Wednesday, September 2, 2009
How To Program The PIC
Here are my thoughts on how to program the PIC.
There are three ways to program a PIC microcontroller
1. Using normal programming hardware (high voltage programming HVP).
2. Low Voltage Programming (LVP).
3. Boot Loading.
The first two methods use the programming port of PIC microcontrollers labeled ICSP (In Circuit Serial).
This port is shared between the existing pins after programming of microcontrollers and pin back to the normal operation of the microcontroller.
Note: To work your ICSP effects and consider the requirements of the programmer, for example ICSP HPV is a high voltage on the Vpp pin (the circuit must be capable of high voltage - 13V to handle). The burden of other signs of PGC PGD and may not be too high not to one of these pens LED 20mA - if not the tension level high enough at the entrance of the PIC for programming.
It is relatively easy to design for ICSP through the use of insulation resistance for the normal channels and not using heavy loads on these pins.
ICSP provides 6 connections from the pic ICSP programmer to the board as follows:
VPP - (o MCLRn) programming voltage (typically 13V).
Vcc - Power (usually 5V).
GND Ground (zero volts).
DGP - Data Port and connection RB7 custom.
PGC - Clock usual connection port RB6.
PGM - LVP is habit and RB3/RB4 port connection.
PIC Micro: High V programming
To use the first method of a hardware interface that is required or a PIC programmer "to the interface between the programming software (usually running on the PC) and the PIC chip. This is the hardware information from the PC via one of three of the interfaces:
* RS232 COM port
* Parallel port
* The USB port
You choose the interface you want, and then choose a suitable PIC programmer. The PC communicates with the hardware generation of the series (ICSP) signals to the PIC hex file translate into a serial data stream suitable for the target microcontroller.
Note: Almost all PIC microcontrollers using the ICSP interface, so once you have HPV can program virtually any PIC microcontroller. For example, you can program 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877 (A), 18F2550, 18F452, etc
There are several programs for programming PIC eg ICPROG monkeys and many different hardware developers.
PIC Micro: Low-voltage programming (LVP)
LVP is exactly the same as HVP except:
* The Vpp voltage is set to the normal voltage.
* The PGM pin, the programming mode.
Note: In this mode you can not use the PIN-code of the PGM for something else that is dedicated solely to LVP control.
Devices are manufactured with PGM mode enabled and the only way to PGM mode to disable the program that a developer of HPV applications.
Note: Some PIC microcontrollers can only method of HPV, used as the LVP method you must sacrifice a pin - PGM - (to tell the PIC Micro either that it is programmed (high volts eg 5V) or not programmed (0 V)) and some PIC micros have only 8 pins eg 12F675. For this chip the PGM pin is not available for HPV is the only way.
The real advantage of using the LVP mode is that you can plan several Micros PIC on a board without that each individual program - could be one extra daisy chain each master micro micro than the agenda of any one turn - and This is only possible from the Vpp signal is a normal level of logic in LVP mode.
PIC Micro: Boat Loading
Loading Boot uses any available interface to a program to load the program memory. It requires a bootstrap program interface to the data to interpret and translate into instructions of program memory.
Note: Note: only new devices that are able to program your own memory can use this method.
Normally, a serial port for boot loading and PIC microcontroller program will start waiting for a time after listening to the serial port of a reserved word that tells the boot program to start is to listen sequence of characters that normally not be used in the interface
Once you get this order, starting mode is a hex-file is passed to the microcontroller interface. He interprets this and programs the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.
There are two problems with this method:
1. You have to program the boot code using HVP or LVP.
2. Use one of the resources of the microcontroller.
Once programmed it offers a convenient way to use the device if it is not necessary hardware and programming an important advantage is that you can reprogram a device without the example of bodies, if you boxed project teams can still return to program the serial port!
There are three ways to program a PIC microcontroller
1. Using normal programming hardware (high voltage programming HVP).
2. Low Voltage Programming (LVP).
3. Boot Loading.
The first two methods use the programming port of PIC microcontrollers labeled ICSP (In Circuit Serial).
This port is shared between the existing pins after programming of microcontrollers and pin back to the normal operation of the microcontroller.
Note: To work your ICSP effects and consider the requirements of the programmer, for example ICSP HPV is a high voltage on the Vpp pin (the circuit must be capable of high voltage - 13V to handle). The burden of other signs of PGC PGD and may not be too high not to one of these pens LED 20mA - if not the tension level high enough at the entrance of the PIC for programming.
It is relatively easy to design for ICSP through the use of insulation resistance for the normal channels and not using heavy loads on these pins.
ICSP provides 6 connections from the pic ICSP programmer to the board as follows:
VPP - (o MCLRn) programming voltage (typically 13V).
Vcc - Power (usually 5V).
GND Ground (zero volts).
DGP - Data Port and connection RB7 custom.
PGC - Clock usual connection port RB6.
PGM - LVP is habit and RB3/RB4 port connection.
PIC Micro: High V programming
To use the first method of a hardware interface that is required or a PIC programmer "to the interface between the programming software (usually running on the PC) and the PIC chip. This is the hardware information from the PC via one of three of the interfaces:
* RS232 COM port
* Parallel port
* The USB port
You choose the interface you want, and then choose a suitable PIC programmer. The PC communicates with the hardware generation of the series (ICSP) signals to the PIC hex file translate into a serial data stream suitable for the target microcontroller.
Note: Almost all PIC microcontrollers using the ICSP interface, so once you have HPV can program virtually any PIC microcontroller. For example, you can program 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877 (A), 18F2550, 18F452, etc
There are several programs for programming PIC eg ICPROG monkeys and many different hardware developers.
PIC Micro: Low-voltage programming (LVP)
LVP is exactly the same as HVP except:
* The Vpp voltage is set to the normal voltage.
* The PGM pin, the programming mode.
Note: In this mode you can not use the PIN-code of the PGM for something else that is dedicated solely to LVP control.
Devices are manufactured with PGM mode enabled and the only way to PGM mode to disable the program that a developer of HPV applications.
Note: Some PIC microcontrollers can only method of HPV, used as the LVP method you must sacrifice a pin - PGM - (to tell the PIC Micro either that it is programmed (high volts eg 5V) or not programmed (0 V)) and some PIC micros have only 8 pins eg 12F675. For this chip the PGM pin is not available for HPV is the only way.
The real advantage of using the LVP mode is that you can plan several Micros PIC on a board without that each individual program - could be one extra daisy chain each master micro micro than the agenda of any one turn - and This is only possible from the Vpp signal is a normal level of logic in LVP mode.
PIC Micro: Boat Loading
Loading Boot uses any available interface to a program to load the program memory. It requires a bootstrap program interface to the data to interpret and translate into instructions of program memory.
Note: Note: only new devices that are able to program your own memory can use this method.
Normally, a serial port for boot loading and PIC microcontroller program will start waiting for a time after listening to the serial port of a reserved word that tells the boot program to start is to listen sequence of characters that normally not be used in the interface
Once you get this order, starting mode is a hex-file is passed to the microcontroller interface. He interprets this and programs the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.
There are two problems with this method:
1. You have to program the boot code using HVP or LVP.
2. Use one of the resources of the microcontroller.
Once programmed it offers a convenient way to use the device if it is not necessary hardware and programming an important advantage is that you can reprogram a device without the example of bodies, if you boxed project teams can still return to program the serial port!
Monday, August 31, 2009
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags
Here are my thoughts of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags.
An RFID tag or label is basically an integrated radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder that is with an IC (integrated circuit) and antenna. The IC is a unique electronic product code (EPC), which is an electronic equivalent, apart from the section labeled other encrypted in the world. If a day comes, the scope of an RFID reader, proprietary information about an antenna for the reader, which then feeds the data to a central computer for processing forwarded.
There are two types of RFID, namely inductively coupled RFID tags and RFID tags to capacitive coupling. In inductively coupled RFID tags have been used for years to keep cows, cars, tolls, luggage carrier and the highway. There are three parts of a habit of inductively coupled RFID tag, namely, the silicon chip, a coil of metal and coating. Silicon chips in different sizes, depending on their subject. Metal coil made of copper or aluminum, a wound in a circular pattern made on a transponder, and it serves as an antenna, a day. They send signals to a reader agreed with the reading distance of the size of the antenna coil and the coil antenna can operate at 13.56 MHz. Encapsulation material glass or polymer material that wraps around the chip and the coil.
Inductive RFID tags are powered by the magnetic field produced by a reader. Antenna label captures the magnetic energy, and the tag interacts with the player. The day she adjusts the magnetic field for the retrieval and transmission of data to the reader and directs the reader that the data to the host computer.
Capacitive coupling RFID tags were made to reduce the system costs spark fire. These tags get rid of the metal coil and make the use of a small amount of silicon to the same function as an inductively coupled tag.
A day capacitive coupling also has three components, namely the silicon microprocessor, conductive carbon ink and paper. Where relevant silicon microprocessor, Motorola BiStatix RFID tags, a silicon chip, which is only 3 millimeters square area. A day capacitive coupling can be stored 96 bits of information that would allow billions of different numbers, and these numbers can be assigned to products. Conductive ink specific color, as an antenna of the label. This ink is applied to the substrate paper using traditional printing techniques. A chip on printed silicon-carbon electrodes in ink on the back of a note on a label, low-priced single rooms, that can be integrated on the labels of conventional products create.
An RFID tag or label is basically an integrated radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder that is with an IC (integrated circuit) and antenna. The IC is a unique electronic product code (EPC), which is an electronic equivalent, apart from the section labeled other encrypted in the world. If a day comes, the scope of an RFID reader, proprietary information about an antenna for the reader, which then feeds the data to a central computer for processing forwarded.
There are two types of RFID, namely inductively coupled RFID tags and RFID tags to capacitive coupling. In inductively coupled RFID tags have been used for years to keep cows, cars, tolls, luggage carrier and the highway. There are three parts of a habit of inductively coupled RFID tag, namely, the silicon chip, a coil of metal and coating. Silicon chips in different sizes, depending on their subject. Metal coil made of copper or aluminum, a wound in a circular pattern made on a transponder, and it serves as an antenna, a day. They send signals to a reader agreed with the reading distance of the size of the antenna coil and the coil antenna can operate at 13.56 MHz. Encapsulation material glass or polymer material that wraps around the chip and the coil.
Inductive RFID tags are powered by the magnetic field produced by a reader. Antenna label captures the magnetic energy, and the tag interacts with the player. The day she adjusts the magnetic field for the retrieval and transmission of data to the reader and directs the reader that the data to the host computer.
Capacitive coupling RFID tags were made to reduce the system costs spark fire. These tags get rid of the metal coil and make the use of a small amount of silicon to the same function as an inductively coupled tag.
A day capacitive coupling also has three components, namely the silicon microprocessor, conductive carbon ink and paper. Where relevant silicon microprocessor, Motorola BiStatix RFID tags, a silicon chip, which is only 3 millimeters square area. A day capacitive coupling can be stored 96 bits of information that would allow billions of different numbers, and these numbers can be assigned to products. Conductive ink specific color, as an antenna of the label. This ink is applied to the substrate paper using traditional printing techniques. A chip on printed silicon-carbon electrodes in ink on the back of a note on a label, low-priced single rooms, that can be integrated on the labels of conventional products create.
Saturday, August 29, 2009
Electronic components for the aerospace industry
Here are my thoughts on electronic components for the aerospace industry.
The precursors of transistors aerospace came in the late 1950s and in 1960 and deleted electronic tubes for many applications. The rising cost of transistors has led to the development of digital systems in the aircraft in 1960 and 1970 years, first in military fighter aircraft when it was used for the nav / attack systems.
For many years the application of electronics for embedded systems with limited analog devices and systems with signal levels and tension in general, linked intuitively or linear. This type of system is generally sensitive to heat for weeks, drift and other non-linearities. The principles of digital computer had been heard for several years before the techniques were applied to the aircraft. Size was the main obstacle.
The aircraft was first developed in the United States using digital techniques is the North American A-5 Vigilante, a U. S. Navy carrier original bomber, which became operational in 1960. The first aircraft developed in the United Kingdom, designed to use digital technologies on a significant scale, the fateful TSR-2, which was annulled by the British government in 1965. The technology used by the TSR 2 was largely based on transistors semiconductors, and in the comparative infancy. In the United Kingdom was not until the development of British-French Jaguar and the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod weapons in the 1960s that began in earnest to embody digital computer, even if small-scale compared to the 1980s.
Since the late 1980s 1970s/early, digital technology is increasingly used in the control of aircraft systems, and only for mission related systems. A major impetus for this application is the availability of cost-effectiveness of digital data buses such as ARINC 429, MIL-STD-155311 and ARINC 629. This technology, combined with the availability of inexpensive microprocessors and sophisticated software tools development, has led to the widespread application of electronic technology in the aircraft.
This situation has progressed to the point that almost any system board - including the toilet system - is unchanged.
The evolution and increasing use of electronic technology for civilian applications of engine controls and flight controls since the 1950s. Analog Motor Controls were introduced by the 1950 Ultra, with throttle electric signals used in aircraft as the Bristol Britannia. Full
Authority Digital Engine Control is often used in the 1980s. Digital flight control primary with a back-up mechanism is used on the Airbus A320 and A330/A340 families using the control stick and the Boeing 777, with a classic handle. Devices such as 728 of the Dornier family and the A380 seems to opt for flight control without mechanical back-up, but with electrical back-up warning.
The application of digital technology to other embedded systems - systems of public services - have started later. Today, electronic technology is firmly in control of virtually all aircraft systems. Therefore, a good understanding of the nature of electronic technology is critical to understand how the control of aircraft systems is achieved.
The nature of microelectronic devices
The size of the explosion in developments ICS can be evaluated by a tenfold increase every decade in the number of transistors per chip. Another factor to consider is the increased speed or switching device. The speed of action is called gate delay, delay in the door of a thermionic valve is of the order of nano 1000 seconds (1 nanosecond is 10.9 or one thousandth of a millionth of a second) transistors are
approximately ten times faster than 100 nanoseconds. Silicon chips are faster again about 1 nanosecond). This gives an indication of the power of these devices are and why they have such an impact on our daily lives.
Another area of major impact on the concerns of the consumption of power ICs. ICs consume minimal quantities. Consumption is linked to the technical and operational speed. The faster operation and lower the power required and vice versa. The main areas where technology electronic components are developed, are:
Aerospace Semiconductors Transistors and capacitors
Production and progress has increased the reliability of electronic components used in aircraft in general, air power and space applications for radar and defense.
Processors, memory and data bus
Processors
Digital processing devices became available in early 1970 as devices to 4 bits. In the late 1970s, 8-bit processors were replaced by 16-bit devices, which led in turn to 32 devices like the Motorola 68000, which were widely used on the Eurofighter and Boeing 777. The pace of developments in processor devices now a major concern because the risk of aging chips always leads to
prospect of a costly redesign. After negative experiences with its initial ownership of systems based on microprocessor, U. S. Air Force strong key standardization initiatives based on
MILSTD-1750A microprocessor architecture with a standardized instruction set (ISA), although it has applications in computing systems on board. For these types of applications, starting with the approval of the Motorola 68020 on the Eurofighter, the industry relies heavily on commercial products developed microprocessor or microcontroller.
Memories
Memory devices have experienced a similar explosion in capacity. Memories are two broad categories: Read-Only Memory (ROM) is memory for the host application software for a particular job, as such term memory can be read but not written suggests. A special version of the ROM is often used Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), but suffers the disadvantage that the memory can be erased by irradiating the device to ultra-violet (UV). For EPROM recent years, is replaced by the more user-friendly electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (E2PROM). This type of memory can be re-programmed in memory power who still live in the LRU and the use of this option is now possible to reprogram the number of units on site, to the device using the digital device data bus.
Random-Access Memory (RAM) is read-write memory used as program memory, variable data storage. Early versions need an extra supply in case the plane crashed. More recent devices are less demanding in this regard.
Digital Data Bus
The arrival of the bus standard numeric data began in 1974 with the specification of the Air Force U. S. MIL-STD-1553. The 429 data bus ARINC was the first standard data bus to transmit and widely used for civilian aircraft widely used on the Boeing 757 and Airbus A300/A310 and 767 in the 1970s and 1980s. ARINC 429 (A429) is widely used in a series of civilian aircraft today.
The precursors of transistors aerospace came in the late 1950s and in 1960 and deleted electronic tubes for many applications. The rising cost of transistors has led to the development of digital systems in the aircraft in 1960 and 1970 years, first in military fighter aircraft when it was used for the nav / attack systems.
For many years the application of electronics for embedded systems with limited analog devices and systems with signal levels and tension in general, linked intuitively or linear. This type of system is generally sensitive to heat for weeks, drift and other non-linearities. The principles of digital computer had been heard for several years before the techniques were applied to the aircraft. Size was the main obstacle.
The aircraft was first developed in the United States using digital techniques is the North American A-5 Vigilante, a U. S. Navy carrier original bomber, which became operational in 1960. The first aircraft developed in the United Kingdom, designed to use digital technologies on a significant scale, the fateful TSR-2, which was annulled by the British government in 1965. The technology used by the TSR 2 was largely based on transistors semiconductors, and in the comparative infancy. In the United Kingdom was not until the development of British-French Jaguar and the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod weapons in the 1960s that began in earnest to embody digital computer, even if small-scale compared to the 1980s.
Since the late 1980s 1970s/early, digital technology is increasingly used in the control of aircraft systems, and only for mission related systems. A major impetus for this application is the availability of cost-effectiveness of digital data buses such as ARINC 429, MIL-STD-155311 and ARINC 629. This technology, combined with the availability of inexpensive microprocessors and sophisticated software tools development, has led to the widespread application of electronic technology in the aircraft.
This situation has progressed to the point that almost any system board - including the toilet system - is unchanged.
The evolution and increasing use of electronic technology for civilian applications of engine controls and flight controls since the 1950s. Analog Motor Controls were introduced by the 1950 Ultra, with throttle electric signals used in aircraft as the Bristol Britannia. Full
Authority Digital Engine Control is often used in the 1980s. Digital flight control primary with a back-up mechanism is used on the Airbus A320 and A330/A340 families using the control stick and the Boeing 777, with a classic handle. Devices such as 728 of the Dornier family and the A380 seems to opt for flight control without mechanical back-up, but with electrical back-up warning.
The application of digital technology to other embedded systems - systems of public services - have started later. Today, electronic technology is firmly in control of virtually all aircraft systems. Therefore, a good understanding of the nature of electronic technology is critical to understand how the control of aircraft systems is achieved.
The nature of microelectronic devices
The size of the explosion in developments ICS can be evaluated by a tenfold increase every decade in the number of transistors per chip. Another factor to consider is the increased speed or switching device. The speed of action is called gate delay, delay in the door of a thermionic valve is of the order of nano 1000 seconds (1 nanosecond is 10.9 or one thousandth of a millionth of a second) transistors are
approximately ten times faster than 100 nanoseconds. Silicon chips are faster again about 1 nanosecond). This gives an indication of the power of these devices are and why they have such an impact on our daily lives.
Another area of major impact on the concerns of the consumption of power ICs. ICs consume minimal quantities. Consumption is linked to the technical and operational speed. The faster operation and lower the power required and vice versa. The main areas where technology electronic components are developed, are:
Aerospace Semiconductors Transistors and capacitors
Production and progress has increased the reliability of electronic components used in aircraft in general, air power and space applications for radar and defense.
Processors, memory and data bus
Processors
Digital processing devices became available in early 1970 as devices to 4 bits. In the late 1970s, 8-bit processors were replaced by 16-bit devices, which led in turn to 32 devices like the Motorola 68000, which were widely used on the Eurofighter and Boeing 777. The pace of developments in processor devices now a major concern because the risk of aging chips always leads to
prospect of a costly redesign. After negative experiences with its initial ownership of systems based on microprocessor, U. S. Air Force strong key standardization initiatives based on
MILSTD-1750A microprocessor architecture with a standardized instruction set (ISA), although it has applications in computing systems on board. For these types of applications, starting with the approval of the Motorola 68020 on the Eurofighter, the industry relies heavily on commercial products developed microprocessor or microcontroller.
Memories
Memory devices have experienced a similar explosion in capacity. Memories are two broad categories: Read-Only Memory (ROM) is memory for the host application software for a particular job, as such term memory can be read but not written suggests. A special version of the ROM is often used Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), but suffers the disadvantage that the memory can be erased by irradiating the device to ultra-violet (UV). For EPROM recent years, is replaced by the more user-friendly electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (E2PROM). This type of memory can be re-programmed in memory power who still live in the LRU and the use of this option is now possible to reprogram the number of units on site, to the device using the digital device data bus.
Random-Access Memory (RAM) is read-write memory used as program memory, variable data storage. Early versions need an extra supply in case the plane crashed. More recent devices are less demanding in this regard.
Digital Data Bus
The arrival of the bus standard numeric data began in 1974 with the specification of the Air Force U. S. MIL-STD-1553. The 429 data bus ARINC was the first standard data bus to transmit and widely used for civilian aircraft widely used on the Boeing 757 and Airbus A300/A310 and 767 in the 1970s and 1980s. ARINC 429 (A429) is widely used in a series of civilian aircraft today.
Thursday, July 30, 2009
PIC Micro Hardware Programming Methods
Here the info about PIC Micro Hardware Programming Methods
There are three ways to program a PIC microcontroller
1. Using normal programming hardware (HPV high voltage programming).
2. Low-voltage programming (LVP).
3. Bootloading.
The first two methods use the port for programming of PIC microcontrollers Label ICSP (in circuit serial programming).
This interface is between the pins of the microcontroller and after programming the pins back to normal operation, microcontroller.
Note: To work correctly ICSP you have to consider the implications and requirements of the ICSP programmer, eg an HPV-high voltage lines Vss to the PIN number (the circuit must be able to view the high voltage - up to 13V). Also, the burden of other signals PGC and PGD should not be too high, ie not in a PIN-LED at 20 mA - if the amount of tension, which is not high enough in the inputs of the PIC for programming.
It is very easy to use for ICSP through isolation of the normal resistance of the circuit and not with heavy loads on these pins.
ICSP provides 6 connections from the pic ICSP programmer to the Board as follows:
VPP - (o MCLRn) Programming voltage (usually 13V).
Vcc - Power (typically 5 V).
GND Ground (zero volts).
PID - data port and connection RB7 usual.
PGC - Clock and the port RB6 usual.
PGM - LVP enable connection and the connection RB3/RB4 usual.
PIC Micro: High Volt Programming
To use the first method of a hardware interface that is needed or "PIC programmer" to the interface between the programming software (usually on the PC) and the PIC chip. The team has the information from the PC through one of the three interfaces that are either:
* The RS232 COM port
* The parallel interface
* The USB port
You choose the interface you want to use, then choose a PIC programmer. The PC communicates with the hardware generation of the series (ICSP) to signals from the PIC hex file into a standard for the target microcontroller.
Note: Almost all ICSP PIC microcontroller with the interface, so once you have an HPV program can all PIC microcontrollers. For example, you can 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877 (A), 18F2550, 18F452 etc.
There are several programs for programming PIC, for example Micos ICPROG different hardware and software.
PIC Micro: Low Voltage Programming (LVP)
LVP is exactly the same as HVP except:
* The Vpp voltage is at the normal voltage.
* The PGM pin indicates the programming mode.
Note: In this mode, you can not with the PGM pin something else that it is solely to LVP control.
Devices with PGM mode is activated, and the only way to shut down the PGM program has an HVP programmer.
Note: Some PIC microcontrollers can only method of HPV for LVP method you have to sacrifice a PIN code - PGM - (to tell the PIC Micro either planned (eg, high voltage 5V) or not programmed, ( 0 V)) and some PIC micros only 8 pins eg 12F675. For this chip the PGM pin is not available HPV is the only way.
The real advantage of using the LVP mode, which can be programmed PIC Micros number on a board without a single program - that each additional string to a micro-Micro-Master's program and then each in turn - and this is only possible from the Vpp signal is a normal level of logic in LVP mode.
PIC Micro: Bootloading
Bootloading each interface for a program to memory. It requires a bootstrap program interface to interpret and translate the data into the memory of the installation program.
Note: Please note that only the new devices are able to program your own store, you can use this method.
Normally, a serial interface is used to bootstrap and bootloading program PIC microcontroller to wait for some time after turning the handset into the serial port to a reserved word says that the program that begins to open, to hear the order of characters that are normally not in the interface
If this boot sequence in hexadecimal mode when a file to the interface on the microcontroller. He interprets these programs and the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.
There are two problems with this method:
1. You have to program the boot code using HVP or LVP.
2. Use some of the microcontroller resources.
Once programmed, offer a convenient solution to the device, as you do not need programming hardware and most important advantage is that you can re-program a device without undo the computer, for example if in a field until they could return to their project programmed using the serial port!
There are three ways to program a PIC microcontroller
1. Using normal programming hardware (HPV high voltage programming).
2. Low-voltage programming (LVP).
3. Bootloading.
The first two methods use the port for programming of PIC microcontrollers Label ICSP (in circuit serial programming).
This interface is between the pins of the microcontroller and after programming the pins back to normal operation, microcontroller.
Note: To work correctly ICSP you have to consider the implications and requirements of the ICSP programmer, eg an HPV-high voltage lines Vss to the PIN number (the circuit must be able to view the high voltage - up to 13V). Also, the burden of other signals PGC and PGD should not be too high, ie not in a PIN-LED at 20 mA - if the amount of tension, which is not high enough in the inputs of the PIC for programming.
It is very easy to use for ICSP through isolation of the normal resistance of the circuit and not with heavy loads on these pins.
ICSP provides 6 connections from the pic ICSP programmer to the Board as follows:
VPP - (o MCLRn) Programming voltage (usually 13V).
Vcc - Power (typically 5 V).
GND Ground (zero volts).
PID - data port and connection RB7 usual.
PGC - Clock and the port RB6 usual.
PGM - LVP enable connection and the connection RB3/RB4 usual.
PIC Micro: High Volt Programming
To use the first method of a hardware interface that is needed or "PIC programmer" to the interface between the programming software (usually on the PC) and the PIC chip. The team has the information from the PC through one of the three interfaces that are either:
* The RS232 COM port
* The parallel interface
* The USB port
You choose the interface you want to use, then choose a PIC programmer. The PC communicates with the hardware generation of the series (ICSP) to signals from the PIC hex file into a standard for the target microcontroller.
Note: Almost all ICSP PIC microcontroller with the interface, so once you have an HPV program can all PIC microcontrollers. For example, you can 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877 (A), 18F2550, 18F452 etc.
There are several programs for programming PIC, for example Micos ICPROG different hardware and software.
PIC Micro: Low Voltage Programming (LVP)
LVP is exactly the same as HVP except:
* The Vpp voltage is at the normal voltage.
* The PGM pin indicates the programming mode.
Note: In this mode, you can not with the PGM pin something else that it is solely to LVP control.
Devices with PGM mode is activated, and the only way to shut down the PGM program has an HVP programmer.
Note: Some PIC microcontrollers can only method of HPV for LVP method you have to sacrifice a PIN code - PGM - (to tell the PIC Micro either planned (eg, high voltage 5V) or not programmed, ( 0 V)) and some PIC micros only 8 pins eg 12F675. For this chip the PGM pin is not available HPV is the only way.
The real advantage of using the LVP mode, which can be programmed PIC Micros number on a board without a single program - that each additional string to a micro-Micro-Master's program and then each in turn - and this is only possible from the Vpp signal is a normal level of logic in LVP mode.
PIC Micro: Bootloading
Bootloading each interface for a program to memory. It requires a bootstrap program interface to interpret and translate the data into the memory of the installation program.
Note: Please note that only the new devices are able to program your own store, you can use this method.
Normally, a serial interface is used to bootstrap and bootloading program PIC microcontroller to wait for some time after turning the handset into the serial port to a reserved word says that the program that begins to open, to hear the order of characters that are normally not in the interface
If this boot sequence in hexadecimal mode when a file to the interface on the microcontroller. He interprets these programs and the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.
There are two problems with this method:
1. You have to program the boot code using HVP or LVP.
2. Use some of the microcontroller resources.
Once programmed, offer a convenient solution to the device, as you do not need programming hardware and most important advantage is that you can re-program a device without undo the computer, for example if in a field until they could return to their project programmed using the serial port!
Monday, July 27, 2009
Choosing a Microcontroller
What you need to know when choosing a microcontroller.
Gone are the days when there were less than a handful of micro-controller to choose. The fact is, the choice of a controller for a new product is an arduous task and is beyond the scope of this article, but will be discussed in more detail in a future article.
But the choice of a microcontroller to "play" for your first project is a little easier and the tools (hardware and software?) These days are very cheap if not free !....
In the past, emulators, programmers etc to use thousands of dollars (what are they thinking?). Now you can get a very low cost development tools.
10 years, I chose to go with Microchip. Why? And not only that a free development environment (MPLAB IDE), but also tons of support through forums and application notes on its website.
At that time, my project is essentially a simple electronic switch. So after withsuch easy, almost all the microorganisms that work.
Choose one of the lowest number of micro PIC12xxx. These little babies were around 512 bytes of OTP (One Time Programmable) ROM and approximately 25 bytes of RAM! (you can run Windows XP ... I think not !!!). Much he had in mind, however.
Today, there are many more vendors (TI, Atmel, etc.) that offer support and also excellent.
A relatively new "actors" who are out of the crowd is Cypress' PSOC mixed-signal set of micro-controllers. These devices are very flexible in terms of new equipment. The other big advantage of these devices is the ability, using their free tool (from now Diseñador PSOC PSOC Express) in its program of micro-controllers without writing a single piece of code! ... Learn more about these in another article.
So if you are starting in this fascinating field, keep it simple and start with a low micro. Most vendors provide free samples of their Web sites listed below.
* TI - Texas Instruments
* Microchip Inc.
Cypress *
There are many others, but they were the main actors, I am interested in
Gone are the days when there were less than a handful of micro-controller to choose. The fact is, the choice of a controller for a new product is an arduous task and is beyond the scope of this article, but will be discussed in more detail in a future article.
But the choice of a microcontroller to "play" for your first project is a little easier and the tools (hardware and software?) These days are very cheap if not free !....
In the past, emulators, programmers etc to use thousands of dollars (what are they thinking?). Now you can get a very low cost development tools.
10 years, I chose to go with Microchip. Why? And not only that a free development environment (MPLAB IDE), but also tons of support through forums and application notes on its website.
At that time, my project is essentially a simple electronic switch. So after withsuch easy, almost all the microorganisms that work.
Choose one of the lowest number of micro PIC12xxx. These little babies were around 512 bytes of OTP (One Time Programmable) ROM and approximately 25 bytes of RAM! (you can run Windows XP ... I think not !!!). Much he had in mind, however.
Today, there are many more vendors (TI, Atmel, etc.) that offer support and also excellent.
A relatively new "actors" who are out of the crowd is Cypress' PSOC mixed-signal set of micro-controllers. These devices are very flexible in terms of new equipment. The other big advantage of these devices is the ability, using their free tool (from now Diseñador PSOC PSOC Express) in its program of micro-controllers without writing a single piece of code! ... Learn more about these in another article.
So if you are starting in this fascinating field, keep it simple and start with a low micro. Most vendors provide free samples of their Web sites listed below.
* TI - Texas Instruments
* Microchip Inc.
Cypress *
There are many others, but they were the main actors, I am interested in
Sunday, July 26, 2009
How Modems Work
Here what you need to know about modem.
A modem can be external or internal system with the PC. It is a device that turns your computer to your phone to transfer data over the Internet.
Hardware or an external modem has three data components of a micro-controller, checks the data for errors and compresses it with commands for sending and receiving signals. Then it sends the data to the data dump from a unit, the unit of data access. The data dump unit receives instructions from the ROM and the output is sent to the unit of data access, a hardware interface for the telephone switching system, so that the support interface pipeline.This order to recognize the modem signals line with the dial tone, busy tone, etc.
All the modems operate on the principle of point-to-point protocol theory. The modem is connected to the Internet Service Provider, and this in turn is connected to the Internet. Here are the data stored in the TCP / IP packets. The team of the TCP / IP is the TCP / IP datagram and sends them to the modem. It is the duty of the ISP to forward this datagram to the Internet.
A modem can be external or internal system with the PC. It is a device that turns your computer to your phone to transfer data over the Internet.
Hardware or an external modem has three data components of a micro-controller, checks the data for errors and compresses it with commands for sending and receiving signals. Then it sends the data to the data dump from a unit, the unit of data access. The data dump unit receives instructions from the ROM and the output is sent to the unit of data access, a hardware interface for the telephone switching system, so that the support interface pipeline.This order to recognize the modem signals line with the dial tone, busy tone, etc.
All the modems operate on the principle of point-to-point protocol theory. The modem is connected to the Internet Service Provider, and this in turn is connected to the Internet. Here are the data stored in the TCP / IP packets. The team of the TCP / IP is the TCP / IP datagram and sends them to the modem. It is the duty of the ISP to forward this datagram to the Internet.
Saturday, July 25, 2009
The Function Of Thermostat
Here's some info about the function of thermostat.
When it is cold, we walk over and turn the thermostat, and when it is hot, and he walked to turn the air conditioner to cool us. But how this small box on the wall, in fact control the temperature of our homes or offices? A mechanical thermostat is actually a very simple device. It is basically a thermometer attached to a switch that turns on the heater, if your heat source is natural gas or electricity. If you remove the cover of your thermostat, you can see the inner workings and have a better idea of how a thermostat. The top layer is mercury thermometer and a coil. Mercury is a small vial filled with liquid metal, mercury. In this bottle son are three: one at the bottom, one to the left of the road, and one to the right of the road. As the temperature rises or cools, the vial of mercury is tilted to the right or left of the corresponding wire in contact with the cable that runs along the bottom. If the mercury is at the far left, there is a link that creates a current that drives a relay which starts the heater and circulating fan. In the room is heated, and once the road turned to the balance, the connection is broken, causing the heater to turn off. If mercury is tilted to the right, another relay to power air conditioning. What are tips from the road in both directions is the thermometer coil that rests against the bottle of mercury. The temperature of the coil consists of a bi-metallic strip of two different types of metal, usually copper and iron, which are glued together. Because the response to different metals at different levels of heat, and that contracts and expands causing the coil to uncurl as wind or temperature changes. This twisting motion is tilted or uncurling vial of mercury, then the signals from the heat source or to start over. By adjusting the thermostat, which are actually adjusting the tightness of the coil. Below the top layer of your thermostat, you can see the circuit board that houses the son of the actual implementation of the fan and the heat source. The circuit is connected to the mercury through a screw and son metal, which "reads" and turn the switch on heating or cooling device. New on the market are digital thermostats. These differ from the mechanical thermostats thermostats that use of a thermistor, an electrical resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. The microcontroller in a digital thermostat measures the resistance and converts that number to a temperature reading. Digital thermostats can save energy because it can be programmed to activate the heating or air conditioning is turned off, or at preset times of the day. For example, you can adjust the air conditioning to come in an hour before returning home to work, or have the heater stays off during working hours while you and then turn on one hour before returning at his home is cozy and warm when you open the door.
When it is cold, we walk over and turn the thermostat, and when it is hot, and he walked to turn the air conditioner to cool us. But how this small box on the wall, in fact control the temperature of our homes or offices? A mechanical thermostat is actually a very simple device. It is basically a thermometer attached to a switch that turns on the heater, if your heat source is natural gas or electricity. If you remove the cover of your thermostat, you can see the inner workings and have a better idea of how a thermostat. The top layer is mercury thermometer and a coil. Mercury is a small vial filled with liquid metal, mercury. In this bottle son are three: one at the bottom, one to the left of the road, and one to the right of the road. As the temperature rises or cools, the vial of mercury is tilted to the right or left of the corresponding wire in contact with the cable that runs along the bottom. If the mercury is at the far left, there is a link that creates a current that drives a relay which starts the heater and circulating fan. In the room is heated, and once the road turned to the balance, the connection is broken, causing the heater to turn off. If mercury is tilted to the right, another relay to power air conditioning. What are tips from the road in both directions is the thermometer coil that rests against the bottle of mercury. The temperature of the coil consists of a bi-metallic strip of two different types of metal, usually copper and iron, which are glued together. Because the response to different metals at different levels of heat, and that contracts and expands causing the coil to uncurl as wind or temperature changes. This twisting motion is tilted or uncurling vial of mercury, then the signals from the heat source or to start over. By adjusting the thermostat, which are actually adjusting the tightness of the coil. Below the top layer of your thermostat, you can see the circuit board that houses the son of the actual implementation of the fan and the heat source. The circuit is connected to the mercury through a screw and son metal, which "reads" and turn the switch on heating or cooling device. New on the market are digital thermostats. These differ from the mechanical thermostats thermostats that use of a thermistor, an electrical resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. The microcontroller in a digital thermostat measures the resistance and converts that number to a temperature reading. Digital thermostats can save energy because it can be programmed to activate the heating or air conditioning is turned off, or at preset times of the day. For example, you can adjust the air conditioning to come in an hour before returning home to work, or have the heater stays off during working hours while you and then turn on one hour before returning at his home is cozy and warm when you open the door.
Thursday, July 23, 2009
Adding a Keyboard and LCD to a Microcontroller
This article is about how to adding a keyboard and LCD to a microcontroller
One of the problems in using a microcontroller is that unlike a PC there is no user interface i.e. No screen or keyboard.
Reading Keys
There are many ways to read a keyboard depending on what you need to do for example:
1. Add an individual key to each input port (with pullup resistor).
2. Multiplex many keys to a few inputs (using the tristate microcontroller capability).
3. Interface a PC keyboard (using a serial interface).
4. Use a built in ADC to read a set of resistor coded key inputs.
...and probably many more methods.
Text output
Generating text output is more complex because there are no simple devices to do the job but there are two easy choices either:
- Serial port to PC
- LCD
Serial Port
Using a PC serial port is fairly easy and only requires a level translator chip e.g. MAX232 then you can output text data to the PC screen. This is useful for debugging and developing a PC based application but no good for stand alone operation. For that you need to use an LCD.
LCD
The simplest LCD interface is a 16 by 2 line LCD module usually using the standard HD44780 controller. The controller makes it easy to use the LCD as all the difficult LCD interface is contained within the HD44780. All you need to do is send it the correct data through a parallel interface to display a character.
LCD Debugging
You can also use the LCD as a debugging tool since the data displayed is retained on the display while power is applied so there is not much processing overhead in using an LCD. Another advantage over the serial display is that you can update it very quickly e.g 1 character in 40 microseconds compared to milliseconds for the serial interface (depending on serial speed selected).
LCD problem
The only real problem with the LCD is that is takes up a lot of pins 11 (if you use the full 8 bit interface) but you can reduce this by using the nibble interface to 7 pins and reduce this further to 6 if you don't need to read from the device (HD44780 has RAM inside).
Another option if you have very few pins is to use a serial LCD and this uses just one pin. Obviously this is slower as it uses a serial protocol and it is also more expensive as the serial LCD will need a serial to parallel controller on board.
Programming
For both methods modern compilers fully support the device i.e. RS232 and HD44780 so you don't need to start coding at a very low level (the HD44780 has a complex startup sequence) and you can just plug in your chosen device start using it.
Tuesday, July 21, 2009
SPI Bus: Theory and Implementation
This article discussing about theory and implementation of SPI Bus.
SPI stands for “Serial to Peripheral Interface”, and it is a hardware and firmware communications protocol developed by Motorola and later adopted by everybody. The SPI Bus is used only on the PCB. I am certain some of you will ask: “Why is the SPI Bus used only on the PCB? What prevents us from using it outside the PCB area?” The SPI Bus was specially designed to exchange data between various IC chips, at very high speeds; say, at 180 MHz or even more. Due to this high-speed aspect, the Bus lines cannot be too long, because their reactance increases too much, and the Bus becomes unusable. However, if you want, you could use the SPI Bus outside the PCB at low speeds, but this is not quite practical--the SPI Bus requires 3 or 4 communications lines, which are a bit too many, when compared to 1 or 2 lines usually needed to communicate, efficiently, with field devices located outside the PCB.
Anyway, on the PCB the SPI Bus is very good, because we can practically attach to the Bus as many ICs (or devices) as we want. Please excuse me for not providing a picture of the SPI Bus, but rest assured you do not need one: the SPI Bus is so simple that you will understand everything in words.
The next question is: “Why is this SPI Bus particularly useful?” Besides from exchanging data between various IC chips, the SPI Bus is a method of multiplying microcontroller’s pins. In other words, if you have a tiny 8 pins microcontroller, you could control with that little monster few hundreds of digital Inputs and Outputs. This is impressive, and I am certain many doubt my words. Let’s explain this.
The SPI Bus contains three lines, and they can be on any general I/O controller pins. These Bus lines are: Clock, Data-In, and Data-Out. In addition, each IC connected to the SPI Bus needs an individual Enable line. Things work like this: suppose we have four devices, A, B, C, and D; all of them are wired to the SPI Bus lines, and the Bus itself is wired to seven controller pins--this is 3 Bus lines plus the 4 Enable ones. When we want to send a message to device C, we enable its Enable line first, then we send the message serially, one bit at a time. In the same time devices A, B, and D do exactly nothing, because they are not enabled.
The beauty with the SPI Bus is, it is Synchronous, meaning, when the controller sends the message to one IC, it is also able to receive data from that IC, in the same time. This particular aspect of the SPI protocol is particularly well suited for microcontroller-to-microcontroller communications.
Now, we have seen a small 8 pins microcontroller can control 4 devices (ICs) using 7 pins. Taking into account one device of type A, B, C, or D could have eight or even sixteen I/O ports, this is still far from the hundreds Inputs and Outputs I promised to you. The next beautiful thing about the SPI Bus is: one device IC can be serialized with many more of the same type! For example, we could have B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and so on. All ICs of type B# are serialized together, and they require only 4 microcontroller pins to make them work; the Enable line is common to all of them. Next, we can use each device of type A, B, C, and D as a group of tens similar ICs.
The enabling speed of each I/O port on the SPI Bus it is slower, when multiplying microcontroller’s pins, but always take into account I/O field devices don’t necessarily need speeds of, say 1000 ON/OFF activations per second each, simply because most of them cannot handle that speed. However, there are few, very smart firmware techniques like the “barrel-shift” type of functions, which allows us to maintain high-speed messaging on the SPI Bus, even if we have hundreds of I/Os. In the same time, the “barrel-shift” functions allow for better time management inside microcontroller, so that it has more time to execute other tasks--makes sense to me! To conclude, I believe it is clear now we can, indeed, build hundreds of efficient I/O lines on a small 8 pins controller.
Further from this general presentation of the SPI Bus, you should be aware almost all ICs implement the SPI protocol in a particular way. For detailed and practical applications I suggest you visit my home site at Corollary Theorems. There you are going to discover a good tutorial book about working with hardware, firmware--including the “barrel-shift” type of functions--and software design, in general, and about few nice and practical implementations of the SPI Bus in particular.
Many microcontrollers have built-in SPI Bus hardware modules, but I was never interested too much about using them. What I do, I always design--on the PCB and for one microcontroller--one, two or more custom SPI Busses, because my custom implementations are far more flexible. Besides, practical implementation of a custom SPI Bus, both in hardware and in firmware, is really simple--trust me with this one!
Monday, July 20, 2009
How To Control 12 LED's Using 4 Microcontroller Pins
What you need to know about 12 LED's Using 4 Microcontroller Pins.
If you have ever done any electronics before you will probably be familiar with multiplexing but charlieplexing adds a new dimension. It's a technique commercially developed at Maxim by Charlie Allen hence the name but you can still use the technique in your own circuits.
Note: The actual technique has been around for some time but Maxim is one of the first companies to use it in a commercial chip.
Multiplexing simply means sharing whether it is
FDM Frequency division multiplexing
TDM Time division multiplexing
WDM Wavelength division multiplexing
Of course the other form of multiplexing which every electronic engineer uses to steer signals around a digital circuit uses standard logic gates and although not as glamorous as FDM, TDM and WDM it is a core technique for designing digital circuitry.
With a normal logic gate multiplexer you will have a minimum of two inputs that you want to select and send to a single output controlled by a control signal.
The states of the output gates are as you would expect either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0) but charlieplexing recognizes another state:
High Impedance.Note: This is the third state in addition to 0 and 1 so it is often called tri-state.
High impedance just means switching off the output current circuit so no current can flow into or out of the output pin.
Of course high impedance output logic gates have been around for as long as digital circuits have been used mainly for accessing a microprocessor bus where each device is tri-stated to disconnect it from the shared bus while another device outputs data to the bus.
Charliplexing
Charlieplexing uses the third state to disconnect a pin from a mesh of devices so no current flows at that node and it's ideally suited for control from a microcontroller since it's easy to change the operation just by re-programming the microcontroller.
One of the uses of charlieplexing is to control many leds using very few pins. LEDs are also diodes so reversing the voltage across an LED means no current will flow. If you connect two leds to two output pins with the second diode connected the opposite way to the first one (and using current limit resistors). Setting the output pins to 01 will turn on the 1st LED while setting the output pins to 10 will turn on the 2nd LED.
Now add in a third output pin and add two diodes connected between each microcontroller pin as before. You now have 6 LEDs and by tristating each microcontroller pin in turn only two output pins are 'connected' i.e. You can control each LED individually.
You have now controlled 6 LEDs using only 3 pins normally you would need 6 individual output pins.
The formula for how many LEDs you can control is:
LEDs = N * (N-1)
- Two pins gives 2 x (2-1) = 2
- Three pins gives 3 x (3-1) = 6
- Four pins gives 4 x (4-1) = 12
Advantage of Charlieplexing
Very few pins control many LEDs.
Disadvantage of Charlieplexing
Only certain sets of LEDs can be turned on at the same time.
Sunday, July 19, 2009
The Most Popular Microcontroller
What you need to know about The Most Popular Microcontroller.
Is the 16F84 too old for your electronic projects?
If you do not know what is a 16F84 is that you've never heard of the chip (R) - an enterprise, a powerful stand-alone microcontrollers. A microcontroller is simply a very small but, unlike default systems, anything inside the device. There are no external devices, such as RAM, EPROM, I / O device.
If you are a simple way for your own projects microcontroller then adjusts the bill because:
* Very small (some have 8 pins, and even less 5).
* Have internal devices.
* Are based on internal memory REPROGRAMMABLE
* Have in Timer.
* Have internal RAM.
In short, they are ideal for managing your projects - all you have to do it all.
This is one of the dramatic benefits make discreet towards conceptions, because if you have an error in a discreet design, you can debug and re-thread. With a microcontroller can only program the establishment in the circuit (with the code of simulation to discover the errors first).
Even better, the fact that you can project forward, as the internal devices operate quickly enough, for example, could be a frequency of 50MHz no external components (except the display).
Languages
It is indeed in many languages, but it is the most popular code machine. The reason for its popularity, the fact that Microchip (R), all the tools needed to develop a machine for the program code, so you find many examples of code in assembly language on the Internet.
Personally, I do not like machines coding in assembly language (even if I use it, if necessary, eg for speed), because there is an enormous amount of time compared to a high level language. Indeed, I would say it takes 10 times longer with assembler. Similarly, the assembler language is a very unstructured, which means that it is very difficult to maintain, ie, if you use a module, then the entire code Whereas, with a high degree of protection of language, the code protected areas register the error.
Microchip has several hundreds of different devices (now much improved on the 16F84), but the basic operation of each based on the initial planning, and even if you do 16F84 original (OK, it was a 16C84) You have a very good idea, as all devices.
This is the great power of the chip (R)-devices, ie you learn something with a device and you add to your knowledge of the whole - for example, programming a 12F675, 16F84 , 16F88 or 16F877, you should know that just because the ICSP interface is all. This means your learning curve is greatly reduced.
Of course, there are some devices, professional developers of driving the pin as an LCD display, but you have only default devices (good examples in the 12F675, 16F88, 16F628 and 16F877).
Peripherals
Indeed, there are approximately 15 internal standard for modern devices (-16F) in considering that the device has only a 16F84.
That is why I think the 16F84 is well underway, but it is now time to say goodbye. Other reasons are that a quarter of the size of a Memory-16F88 and now costs about 5 times more.
Note: 16F88 and 16F628 heavily on loan 16F84 with the same pinout, so you do not have problems if you already have a 16F84.
Abstract
The 16F84 is probably too old for the serious in design, because there are more recent (backward)-devices, which allows you much more capable of projects.
Is the 16F84 too old for your electronic projects?
If you do not know what is a 16F84 is that you've never heard of the chip (R) - an enterprise, a powerful stand-alone microcontrollers. A microcontroller is simply a very small but, unlike default systems, anything inside the device. There are no external devices, such as RAM, EPROM, I / O device.
If you are a simple way for your own projects microcontroller then adjusts the bill because:
* Very small (some have 8 pins, and even less 5).
* Have internal devices.
* Are based on internal memory REPROGRAMMABLE
* Have in Timer.
* Have internal RAM.
In short, they are ideal for managing your projects - all you have to do it all.
This is one of the dramatic benefits make discreet towards conceptions, because if you have an error in a discreet design, you can debug and re-thread. With a microcontroller can only program the establishment in the circuit (with the code of simulation to discover the errors first).
Even better, the fact that you can project forward, as the internal devices operate quickly enough, for example, could be a frequency of 50MHz no external components (except the display).
Languages
It is indeed in many languages, but it is the most popular code machine. The reason for its popularity, the fact that Microchip (R), all the tools needed to develop a machine for the program code, so you find many examples of code in assembly language on the Internet.
Personally, I do not like machines coding in assembly language (even if I use it, if necessary, eg for speed), because there is an enormous amount of time compared to a high level language. Indeed, I would say it takes 10 times longer with assembler. Similarly, the assembler language is a very unstructured, which means that it is very difficult to maintain, ie, if you use a module, then the entire code Whereas, with a high degree of protection of language, the code protected areas register the error.
Microchip has several hundreds of different devices (now much improved on the 16F84), but the basic operation of each based on the initial planning, and even if you do 16F84 original (OK, it was a 16C84) You have a very good idea, as all devices.
This is the great power of the chip (R)-devices, ie you learn something with a device and you add to your knowledge of the whole - for example, programming a 12F675, 16F84 , 16F88 or 16F877, you should know that just because the ICSP interface is all. This means your learning curve is greatly reduced.
Of course, there are some devices, professional developers of driving the pin as an LCD display, but you have only default devices (good examples in the 12F675, 16F88, 16F628 and 16F877).
Peripherals
Indeed, there are approximately 15 internal standard for modern devices (-16F) in considering that the device has only a 16F84.
That is why I think the 16F84 is well underway, but it is now time to say goodbye. Other reasons are that a quarter of the size of a Memory-16F88 and now costs about 5 times more.
Note: 16F88 and 16F628 heavily on loan 16F84 with the same pinout, so you do not have problems if you already have a 16F84.
Abstract
The 16F84 is probably too old for the serious in design, because there are more recent (backward)-devices, which allows you much more capable of projects.
PIC Microcontroller Timer Calculation
Here's some guide for PIC Microcontroller Timer Calculation.
Login to PIC microcontroller timer juggle sheet calculation, calculator, and answer your needs?
If so, then you need tools to automate the process.
Calculations
Normally, you should be on the final outcome, which, in general, the clock or measure during a period. It is quite difficult, first find the information of the file, splitter and then postscalers etc.
PIC timer 0: Calculation Example
A typical example for the calculations to create a break 18ms repeat rate on PIC timer 0th
Selecting a divider report include 1:128 time interrupt (with fosc / 4 or 4 MHz / 4 = 1 MHz) and exceeded the speed of Timer 0th
1 / (1MHz/128/256) = 32.768ms
It is clear that you need more, but you can cut them into overflow on the starting point (the interruption). To do this, you need the period of the clock input of 0, is:
1 / (1MHz/128) = 128us
It's time for the timer to 0 IE
256 * 128us = 32.768ms
Thus, by manipulating the point of overflowing, you can set the period of interruption. Time is 18ms if some calculations:
18ms/128us = 140625 (next Integer value of 141)
The number of account, after the interruption of the generator. To use, timer 0, he is responsible for the following:
TMR0 = 256-143 / / 141 but loses 2 Timer 0 to load.
From that time every 128us of Timer 0 and it is exceeding the 141 (or 18ms)
141 * 128us = 18ms
TCL, scripts for PIC clock calculation
Each time you into a PIC timer you have to do this type of calculations and equipment in each timer is different and you face the fight against interruptions.
To make the process, you can simply three online (free) with modules script Tcl (Tool Command Language). You work in a fashion similar to a Java applet.
Each of these scripts is based on the characteristics of each and allows you to clock divider, or create a value with postscaler regulator. Thus, it is easy to experiment with different values, such that the result is immediately on the Web (the frequency and the remainder of each part of the timer, for example, after the divider, the register after postscaler) .
The calculation is trivial that the sliders around, until you PIC clock time and then adjust the timer value to the house on the right answer.
Thus, you can do, even if the type of operation (all without a computer in sight), for example, "I need a frequency of 15ms.
2 clock hours of the next I could be 15,136 (a 1 minute test) - perhaps I will try to clock 1 - Ah, precision 15ms (took 30 seconds for testing purposes). Simply select with Timer 0 - this 15.040ms (a ~ 30 second test).
Of course, you can also clock (internal or external quartz) as well.
Login to PIC microcontroller timer juggle sheet calculation, calculator, and answer your needs?
If so, then you need tools to automate the process.
Calculations
Normally, you should be on the final outcome, which, in general, the clock or measure during a period. It is quite difficult, first find the information of the file, splitter and then postscalers etc.
PIC timer 0: Calculation Example
A typical example for the calculations to create a break 18ms repeat rate on PIC timer 0th
Selecting a divider report include 1:128 time interrupt (with fosc / 4 or 4 MHz / 4 = 1 MHz) and exceeded the speed of Timer 0th
1 / (1MHz/128/256) = 32.768ms
It is clear that you need more, but you can cut them into overflow on the starting point (the interruption). To do this, you need the period of the clock input of 0, is:
1 / (1MHz/128) = 128us
It's time for the timer to 0 IE
256 * 128us = 32.768ms
Thus, by manipulating the point of overflowing, you can set the period of interruption. Time is 18ms if some calculations:
18ms/128us = 140625 (next Integer value of 141)
The number of account, after the interruption of the generator. To use, timer 0, he is responsible for the following:
TMR0 = 256-143 / / 141 but loses 2 Timer 0 to load.
From that time every 128us of Timer 0 and it is exceeding the 141 (or 18ms)
141 * 128us = 18ms
TCL, scripts for PIC clock calculation
Each time you into a PIC timer you have to do this type of calculations and equipment in each timer is different and you face the fight against interruptions.
To make the process, you can simply three online (free) with modules script Tcl (Tool Command Language). You work in a fashion similar to a Java applet.
Each of these scripts is based on the characteristics of each and allows you to clock divider, or create a value with postscaler regulator. Thus, it is easy to experiment with different values, such that the result is immediately on the Web (the frequency and the remainder of each part of the timer, for example, after the divider, the register after postscaler) .
The calculation is trivial that the sliders around, until you PIC clock time and then adjust the timer value to the house on the right answer.
Thus, you can do, even if the type of operation (all without a computer in sight), for example, "I need a frequency of 15ms.
2 clock hours of the next I could be 15,136 (a 1 minute test) - perhaps I will try to clock 1 - Ah, precision 15ms (took 30 seconds for testing purposes). Simply select with Timer 0 - this 15.040ms (a ~ 30 second test).
Of course, you can also clock (internal or external quartz) as well.
Microcontroller Ebook
Here's what I found from Microcontroller Ebook.
Are you a young student in search of data from the study to learn microcontroller?
Are you a school / college students, the information in your micro-project?
Are you a man of planning to convert your old Digital on the basis of a micro-compact design?
They work in an organization and you improve your skills for micro-systems, the design?
They are all of the diversity of age, the expertise and competence. But the needs are the same. Your question is the same. Their goal is the same. It is micro-model. "
You are on the right path that you have decided to go with microcontrollers for your projects. There is no other method, with a microphone in the product.
Here are the steps and the information for you to:
1. Their knowledge and abilities:
Each person is unique, the knowledge and skills he has.
Knowledge, the "experience" and ability, "the time for a problem in the planning"
eg I am well aware of the C programming language, but I can not solve a "sort array easily."
Ie, must have knowledge of C programming is not sufficient, but you have a good ability to "analyze and solve the problem of explanation.
And this is the key and the most important characteristic necessary when working with a microcontroller integrated design.
In other words, the ability to solve problems of the so-called "logic of the development of solutions."
2. Hardware & Software
Micro-systems, the design is the combination of hardware and software.
Built-in microphone is a small chip (IC) and the hardware of the system. This small chip microcontroller for storing a "program" its interior. This is known as software.
You as a designer for a product that has both the expertise. Is this with an example:
"It gave you an easy task to design and develop a product to lower the temperature of the room"
This project requires the following elements:
1. The temperature sensor (eg, LM35)
2. A microphone (eg ATmega8 AVR) for the data of the temperature sensor.
3. A 16 car 2 lines (16x2) LCD
4. 5V DC voltage regulator (7805 based)
Once you have the loan, its time a circuit / drawings of them.
Here is the point where you start, the internal microcontroller ATmega8.
Learn about the hardware of the microcontroller and the software. The software comes with the house-or C-language.
3. Instruments and equipment
A PC / laptop, with the IDE (development environment), ISP programmer hardware, Starter Kit / target Board and some books or reference manuals or a computer with tutorial.
In the example above, we have decided ATmega8 microcontroller. This is of the ATMEL AVR and controller family. This controller is of 8 bits.
WinAVR / AVRstudio as IDE for writing.
There are many ISP programmer (hardware) on the market.
Starter Kit enables you to experiment and test your program download (blinker), the source ATmega8 microcontroller.
Books, reference manuals and computer-based tutorial is an introduction to the new exciting world of microcontrollers.
There are many others who, like the PIC microcontroller, 8051, ARM, etc.
Each family has unique features to offer, and what you have to decide which function you need most.
Cost of the microcontroller is also an important factor in selection. But also other important factors are the availability of tools such as compilers, IDE, starter kits, programmers, books and documents.
Are you a young student in search of data from the study to learn microcontroller?
Are you a school / college students, the information in your micro-project?
Are you a man of planning to convert your old Digital on the basis of a micro-compact design?
They work in an organization and you improve your skills for micro-systems, the design?
They are all of the diversity of age, the expertise and competence. But the needs are the same. Your question is the same. Their goal is the same. It is micro-model. "
You are on the right path that you have decided to go with microcontrollers for your projects. There is no other method, with a microphone in the product.
Here are the steps and the information for you to:
1. Their knowledge and abilities:
Each person is unique, the knowledge and skills he has.
Knowledge, the "experience" and ability, "the time for a problem in the planning"
eg I am well aware of the C programming language, but I can not solve a "sort array easily."
Ie, must have knowledge of C programming is not sufficient, but you have a good ability to "analyze and solve the problem of explanation.
And this is the key and the most important characteristic necessary when working with a microcontroller integrated design.
In other words, the ability to solve problems of the so-called "logic of the development of solutions."
2. Hardware & Software
Micro-systems, the design is the combination of hardware and software.
Built-in microphone is a small chip (IC) and the hardware of the system. This small chip microcontroller for storing a "program" its interior. This is known as software.
You as a designer for a product that has both the expertise. Is this with an example:
"It gave you an easy task to design and develop a product to lower the temperature of the room"
This project requires the following elements:
1. The temperature sensor (eg, LM35)
2. A microphone (eg ATmega8 AVR) for the data of the temperature sensor.
3. A 16 car 2 lines (16x2) LCD
4. 5V DC voltage regulator (7805 based)
Once you have the loan, its time a circuit / drawings of them.
Here is the point where you start, the internal microcontroller ATmega8.
Learn about the hardware of the microcontroller and the software. The software comes with the house-or C-language.
3. Instruments and equipment
A PC / laptop, with the IDE (development environment), ISP programmer hardware, Starter Kit / target Board and some books or reference manuals or a computer with tutorial.
In the example above, we have decided ATmega8 microcontroller. This is of the ATMEL AVR and controller family. This controller is of 8 bits.
WinAVR / AVRstudio as IDE for writing.
There are many ISP programmer (hardware) on the market.
Starter Kit enables you to experiment and test your program download (blinker), the source ATmega8 microcontroller.
Books, reference manuals and computer-based tutorial is an introduction to the new exciting world of microcontrollers.
There are many others who, like the PIC microcontroller, 8051, ARM, etc.
Each family has unique features to offer, and what you have to decide which function you need most.
Cost of the microcontroller is also an important factor in selection. But also other important factors are the availability of tools such as compilers, IDE, starter kits, programmers, books and documents.
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